Analysis of as new park case study Essay

Examination of as new park contextual investigation Presentation  The arranging procedure includes designers, networks, specialists, organizers, and government. The inclusion of the considerable number of partners in arranging process guarantees that a venture is decidedly executed in the open interests (Carmona, 2010). The new task would initiate as an improvement the old city. The old city was generally utilized by ladies and youngsters. Despite the fact that it was created 30 years back, it despite everything stayed as the best decision for the individuals living at its region. It shaped the best diversion community for individuals during warm winter season. The new park would supplant the old trees, grass, and manufacture new shades and structures that would be utilized to conceal individuals during blistering climate. The case included shut down of the old city for a long time and movement of individuals living around the city to put where there were no social comforts, for example, schools and entertainment focus. The case speaks to of un scrupulous issues that relates to urban arranging apparent through the designers.  The moral issues incorporate conclusion of the city and denying individuals their recreational office. The new park improvement would deny individuals an opportunity to make the most of their recreational offices, which is expertly dishonest to an engineer. Moreover, the designer would annihilate people’s legacy on old trees and grass. The cutting edge structures would decimate the old trees and grass legacy in the new park. In addition, it isn't moral to move individuals from their own usual range of familiarity where they delighted in social enhancements, for example, schools, parks and different frameworks such other shopping centers to a spot where they no longer appreciate the conveniences. The demonstration is accepted to on personal circumstances that couldn't care less about other network. In arranging process, it is significant for organizers and engineers to consider proficient morals while executing their city arranging with the goal that regard among networks a nd the influenced individuals is looked after (Allen, 2009).  For this situation, the most likely arrangement would be first to build up the zone where the two networks would be migrated before moving them. It would be generally proper if the administration could begin by creating frameworks, for example, streets, schools, medical clinics, and recreational focuses before dislodging individuals in towns if the new park would not be avoidable. Then again, another park could be grown somewhere else and the bygone one be revamped to keep up national legacy. In addition, the old park remodel ought not be shut for a significant stretch and should engineers ought to permit individuals to get to the recreation center much under developments. The redesign of the recreation center would guarantee that the national legacy on customary trees and grass would not be decimated in this manner keep up it as method of securing the nations indigenous species. This would guarantee that individuals are not migrated from their unique safe place. Subsequently, advancement of zone that the two networks were moved would guarantee that the communities’ expectations for everyday comforts would not be influenced with the exception of their land move. The move would keep up the regard between the networks, organizers, designers and architects as their lives won't be influenced.  The arrangement approach where the organizers would guarantee that all the social courtesies are created before movement would guarantee that the expert code of morals on the cognizant on the privilege of an outsider would be maintained (American Planning Association, 2009). Also, the code of morals on decently managing all the individuals associated with the procedure will be profoundly maintained. Be that as it may, the estimation of expert code of morals on legacy will be disregarded through choosing another park and indigenous trees will be wrecked. The organizers will have settled on sure that the dynamic procedure includes all the gathering and accordingly nobody would be adversely influenced by the new task. Correspondingly, the second methodology of choosing the new park somewhere else would guarantee proficient code of morals for organizers to guarantee social equity and obligation not to inconvenience individuals would be maintained. This arrangement would guarantee tha t individuals are not moved and simultaneously the national legacy is kept up. The estimation of legacy that is credited to indigenous trees will be maintained while that of greatness structure and refreshed plan will be disregarded (American Planning Association, 2009).  Both arrangements would limit the negative effects of the arranging in the city. In any case, the best arrangement will be to structure and build the new park somewhere else close to the old park. The answers for arranging debate protect the privileges of the individuals and the expert morals of the organizers (Staatskoerant, 2011).The old park must be revamped with the goal that the legacy of the city will be maintained. Essentially, there would be movement of individuals to new regions and along these lines they will be genuinely rewarded and their lives won't be influenced. What's more, the arrangement will guarantee that individuals are not denied their privileges to have a ball during winter. Redesign for the old park should be possible during summer when individuals are not utilizing the recreation center with the goal that they would not be constrained access during winter. The move will affect decidedly to individuals living there and would hold the regard of networks to engineers.  The arrangement would constrain the organizers, engineers and specialists from executing their own structure and arranging of the city. What's more, the individuals would not get an opportunity to appreciate an advanced office. Be that as it may, there would even now be an opportunity for them to build another park somewhere else in the city and increment the quantity of parks. One that would be wealthy in legacy and there other one would be current. Despite the fact that space and region designation might be an issue, another park somewhere else would stand apart for this case. End  taking everything into account, it very well may be noticed that organizers, designers and specialists ought to exceptionally consider proficient morals when doing new ventures that would affect adversely to people in general. All arranging procedures ought to include all partners and reasonable usage of the undertaking ought to be considered to keep away from untrustworthy issues that are confirm on account of new park advancement. References Allen, J. (2009). Event arranging: Ethics and behavior : a principled way to deal with the matter of uncommon occasion the board. Mississauga, Ont: Wiley. American Planning Association,. (2009). AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Planning.org. Recovered 13 May 2014, from http://www.planning.org/morals/ethicscode.htm Carmona, M. (2010). Open spots, urban spaces: the component of urban plan. Oxon: Routledge. Staatskoerant,. (2011). Code of morals and expert direct for the urban and territorial arranging calling. Gov.za. Recovered 13 May 2014, from http://www.gov.za/archives/download.php?f=147400 Source archive

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English paper - Essay Example In that capacity, specialized components of portrayal, one of a kind and earth shattering philosophical methodologies, authentic importance, and numerous different parts of Jansco’s approach will be utilized. it is thusly the expectation of this specific writer that such a degree of investigation will have the option to draw in the peruser with an all the more full and complete comprehension of the way through which this specific producer gave cinemagoers an exceptional perspective on the world and an interpretive methodology that has kept on dazzling film pundits and normal watchers the same for a considerable length of time after its underlying discharge in his local Hungary. Initially, before diving into any of the mechanics or real philosophical methodologies that Miklos Jansco makes inside the film, it would be a dumbfounding oversight to expect that the unit of center for the film, specifically the apparatchiks of the Habsburg Empire and the detained progressives, were not some way or another a sort of correlation and differentiation between the socialist administration of Hungary and the downturn that was consistently an undeniable and present part of life at the time in which the film itself was made. In spite of the fact that it can't be conclusively expressed that the reason and inspiration that is reflected all through the film is some way or another figurative of Hungary’s sociopolitical status and type of government, obvious and inescapable degrees of difference exists all through the film that present for the watcher the methods for likeness and intensity of differentiation in correlation that exists between the two. Moreover, because o f the way that the socialist government Hungary, and the way, and without a doubt are after was curbed doesn't take into consideration open discord, using a to some degree symbolic story of suppression under a â€Å"capitalist regime† was a successful appearance of calm yet welcoming analysis that couldn't have been spoken to in an increasingly open way. Another conspicuous hint that is spoken to

Cogentin (Benztropine) Uses for Bipolar Disorder

Cogentin (Benztropine) Uses for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Cogentin (Benztropine) Uses for Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 03, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 20, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights HeroImages/Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Cogentin? Contraindications Common Side Effects   Less Common Side Effects   When to Contact Your Doctor Overdose Effects View All Medications often used to treat bipolar disorder, such as  typical  and  atypical  antipsychotic drugs, may cause drug-induced parkinsonism, the medical term for symptoms that mimic  Parkinsons disease.  ?? Drug-induced parkinsonism may cause:   A decrease in facial expressionsDifficulty starting and controlling movementSlowed movementSoft voiceStiffness of the trunk, arms, or legsTremor What Is Cogentin? Cogentin (benztropine) is used for treatment of Parkinsons disease and is in a class of drugs called anticholinergics. These drugs help rebalance irregular activity of acetylcholine neurotransmitters, which are crucial to brain and muscle function.?? Cogentin improves muscle control and has been shown to decrease rigidity and tremors associated with Parkinsons disease. Cogentin is also sometimes used to treat people with  bipolar disorder who have developed parkinsonism. ?? Cogentin comes in 0.5, 1, and 2 mg tablets to  be taken orally, usually at bedtime, and in some cases, an injection is provided. One dose per day will typically suffice to treat symptoms of parkinsonism.?? Your doctor may start you on a small dose to see how you respond.   Contraindications Cogentin may interact with certain drugs, including antidepressants, sleeping pills, painkillers, antihistamines,  anti-diarrheal medications, some antacids, and other medications.?? Its important that you speak with your doctor about any potential interactions.   Common Side Effects   The following are common side effects of ?Cogentin.?? You should check with your doctor if they dont go away or worsen: Blurred vision  Constipation  Decreased sweatingDifficult or painful urination (especially in older men)DrowsinessDryness of mouth, nose, or throat Less Common Side Effects   The following are less common side effects of Cogentin.  ?? Dizziness or lightheadedness when getting up from a lying down or sitting positionEuphoriaHeadacheMemory impairments (especially in the elderly)NervousnessStomach upset or painUnusual excitement When to Contact Your Doctor Notify your doctor immediately if you experience any of the above  rare side effects of Cogentin, as well as these below:?? ConfusionEye painSkin rashRapid heart rateHallucinations Overdose Effects If you or a loved one have potentially overdosed on Cogentin, call your local poison control center and/or 911 immediately. Symptoms of overdose include:?? Clumsiness or unsteadinessSevere drowsiness  Severe dryness of mouth, nose, or throatFast heartbeatHallucinations (seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there)Mood or mental changesSeizuresShortness of breath or troubled breathingTrouble sleepingWarmth, dryness, and flushing of the skin Other Cogentin side effects not listed above may also occur in some patients.?? If you notice any other side effects, be sure to check with your doctor.

Stiffness Car Chassis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4921 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Transport Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction The purpose of the project is to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of the existing car chassis, without disturbing the shape provided for engine mountings and drivers space and other constraints provided by the existing chassis model. Why is it so important to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of the chassis? In general to define chassis in this way, first a clear meaning of structure should be known. In general perspective a structure can be defined as a specific arrangement of material to resist loads. This structure should also enable to the location of the components such as engine mountings, transmission, fuel tank, suspension system etc. So it must resist loads without breaking, and without more deflection. If the chassis cannot resist loads it leads to a serious handling problems, and will not support the engine and transmission system, also the chassis should be light enough to maintain weight to power ratio and better handling in corners. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stiffness Car Chassis" essay for you Create order 1.1 Background to project The principle loads that includes on the chassis are, by the engine, the aerodynamics, brakes, road irregularities, the inertia loads due to masses under accelerations and vibrations. Also the chassis must with stand impact loads, having absorbed part of crash energy by deformation which includes the bending, torsion, combined bending and torsion, also lateral and longitudinal loads. So the chassis structure should be strong in stiffness in design case rather than strength. The chassis and body developments should also reduce weight because it improves the vehicle ride, handling, improves the performance of car by reducing the drag because of high weight to power ratio, and also will reduce the need for power there by increases the fuel efficiency. Because of this now even mass produced passengers cars lightened up by the most detailed weight-watcher engineering techniques due to corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations of the federal government. Lighter vehicle r equires less power, hence less fuel, for equal performance. History The demand for the chassis with high torsion stiffness and low weight had increased from the World War 2. This demand had led to the innovation of many kinds such as Space frame, stressed skin etc. These types had become universal among the European road race cars following its appearance in the Lotus MK and the Mercedes-Benz 300SL in 1952. These are the cars which used strictly space frame chassis and the attention they received had popularized the idea. Major automobile industries in present era are purchasing the competitive vehicles and disassembled them carefully to study the weight and stiffness of car for comparison with the equivalent part of their own vehicle. So this lead to a competitive reasons than for increase fuel economy. Today have been included to expand the following three reasons: A means for recognising opportunities for overall weight reduction for better fuel economy. The means for determining centre of gravity (CG) location and polar moment of inertia. Detail weight estimates provides target figure of cost estimates of all parts. To resist inertial loads under accelerations, accidents etc. Structural efficiency A designer can achieve enough stiffness for a chassis from any form of construction, if enough material is used. This is not the criteria of a designer, to assess the efficiency of structure its stiffness must be considered in relation to the weight. The below shows the absolute increase in stiffness achieved in recent years is the increase in stiffness to weight ratio. Vehicle year Torsional stiffness(lb-ft/degree) Structure weight (lb) Stiffness/weight ratio Lotus 21 F1 1961 700 82.0 8.5 Lotus 24 F1 1962 1,000 72 13.9 Mc Laren F1 1966 11,000 Na Na Lotus 79F1 1979 3,000 95 31.6 Lotus 79 F1 Late 1979 5,000 85 58.8 Lotus F1 1980 10,000 75 133.33 Lola F1 1993 30,000 80 375 Table1: Demand for increase in structural efficiency. Literature Review Introduction: The loads that are experienced on a chassis are light commercial loads due to normal running conditions are considered. That is caused as the vehicle transverses uneven ground as the driver performs various manoeuvres. Basically there are five load cases to consider. Bending case. Torsion case. Combined bending and torsion case. Lateral loading. Fore and aft loading. 2.1.1. Bending case This type of loading is caused due to the weight of components distributed along the frame of the vehicle in the vertical plane which causes the bending about y-axis. The bending case depends mainly on the weight of the major components in the car and the payload. First the static condition is considered by determining the load distribution along the vehicle. The axle reaction loads are obtained by resolving the forces and by taking the moments form the weights and positions of the components. 2.1.2. Torsion case The vehicle body is subjected to the moments applied at the axels centrelines by applying both upward and downward loads are at the each axle in this case. Because of this it results in a twisting action or torsion moment about x-axis of the vehicle. The condition of pure torsion does not exist on its own because of the vertical loads always exist due to gravity. However for the calculation purpose the pure torsion is assumed. The maximum torsion moments are based on loads at the lighter loaded axle, its value can be calculated by the wheel load on the lighter loaded axle multiplied by the wheel track. The loads at the wheels are shown in the above figure. So the torsion moment is given as: RF tf = RR tr 2 2 Where tf and tr are front and rear track respectively and R f and Rr are front and rear loads. These loads are based on the static reaction loads but dynamic factors in this case are typically 1.3 for road vehicles (Pawlowski, 1964). 2.1.3. Combined bending and torsion In practice the torsion will not exist without bending as gravitational forces are always present. So the two cases must be considered when representing a real situation. Fig3: combined bending and torsion. 2.1.4. Lateral loading This type of loading is experienced by the vehicle at the corner or when it slides against a Kerb, i.e. loads along the y-axis. The lateral loads are generated while cornering at the tyre to ground contact patches which are balanced by the centrifugal force MV2 / R, M stands for vehicle mass, V vehicle velocity , R is the radius of the corner. The disaster occurs when the wheel reactions on the inside of the turn drop to zero, that means that the vehicle ready to turn over. In this case vehicle will be subjected to bending in x-y plane. The condition that applies to the roll over is shown in the below figure and it also depends up on the height of the vehicle centre of gravity and the track. At this particular condition the resultant of the centrifugal force and the weight that passes along the outside wheels contact patch. And hence lateral acceleration is V2/R=gt/2h Lateral force at the centre of gravity MV2/R = Mgt/2h. Front tyre side forces YF = Mgt b/2h(a+b). At the rear tyres YR = Mgt a/ 2h(a+b). From the lateral acceleration it is clear that it is t/2h times that of the gravitational acceleration. Kerb bumping will cause high loads and will roll over in exceptional circumstances. And also this high loads will cause in the bending in the x-y plane are not critical as the width of the vehicle will provide the sufficient bending strength and stiffness. 2.1.5. Fore and aft loading At the time of acceleration and breaking longitudinal forces will come into picture along the x-axis. Traction and braking forces at the tyre to ground contact points are reacted by mass times acceleration inertia forces as shown in below figure. The important cases such as bending, torsion, bending and torsion will come into play as these determine the satisfactory structure (Pawlowski, 1964). 2.1.5.1 Longitudinal loading At the time of vehicle accelerates or decelerates, the inertia forces are generated. The loads generated can be transferred from one axle to another by the inertia forces as the centre of gravity of the vehicle is above the road surface. While accelerating the weight is transferred from front axle to the rear axle and vice versa at the time breaking and decelerating condition. To have a clear picture of forces acting on the body a height of the centres of gravity of all structures are required. And its not so easy to determine. A simplified model considering one inertia force generated at the vehicle centre of gravity can provide useful information about the local loading at the axle positions due to breaking and traction forces. Front wheel drive, the reaction on the driving wheel is: RF = Mg(L-a) Mh(dV/dt) L Rear wheel drive, the reaction on the driving wheel is: RR = Mga + Mh(dV/dt) L In braking case the reactions on the axles are: RF = Mg(L-a) + Mh(dV/dt) L 2.1.6. Allowable stresses From the above discussed loads it is clear that it will induce stresses in all over the structure. So it is important that under the worst load conditions that the stresses induced into the structure are kept to acceptable limits. In consideration of the static loads of a limited amount should give a stress level certainly below the yield stress. If analysed the bending case for a road gong car is considered the maximum allowable stress should be limited as follows: Stress due to static load ÃÆ'—Dynamic factor à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 2/3ÃÆ'— yield stress. The above equation says that under any worst load condition the stress should not exceed 67% of the yield stress. Alternatively the safety factor against yield is 1.5 for the worst possible load condition. 2.1.7 Bending stiffness It is equally important to consider the bending stiffness weather to say the structure is sufficiently strong or not. So an equal and important assessment is given to the structural stiffness. Therefore many designers consider the stiffness is most important than strength. It is possible to design a structure which is sufficiently strong but yet unsatisfactory because of insufficient stiffness. Designing for acceptable stiffness is therefore often more critical than designing for sufficient strength. For vehicles the bending stress is determined by the limits of deflection of the side frame door apertures. In case of excessive deflection the doors will not shut properly. Local stiffness of floor is also important because it minimises the safety of the passenger. 2.1.8 Torsion stiffness If the stiffness is low the driver may feel that the vehicle in front will be shaking with the front wing structures moving up and down. The practical problems of doors failing to close properly will also be seen. A similar thing will be seen in the jacking points that are positioned at the corners of the vehicle. For fast moving cars the torsion stiffness is very important because it may cause serious handling problems. Therefore care should be taken in maintaining sufficient torsion stiffness. So from the all above dimensions of forces and handling of a vehicle chassis should be stiff enough and also should be less in weight. 2.1.9 Chassis types Chassis are classified into several types they are: Ladder frames. Cruciform frames. Torque tube back bone frame. Space frame. Monocoque. In the present era of automotive industry designers are using the space frame and monocoque for the justification of design problems and to sufficient structural stiffness. 2.1.9.1 Space frame A space frame chassis is a development of four tube chassis, both of them look quite similar. But the space frame differs in several key areas and offers very good advantages when compared to the predecessor. A space frame is an arrangement of many straight tubes in which the loads acting are either in tension or compression. The figure below shows the clear idea of a space frame. But from the above figure it is clear that the diagonal member is pulled in tension when a load is acted on it. This above illustration is the simple idea of the space frame chassis. This experiencing of loads in either tension or compression is a major advantage. So none of the tubes will be subjected to the load will tend to bend in the middle. Since the space frames are very good in torsion stiffness. The three dimensional space frame chassis are used for specialist cars such as sports racing cars. This type of vehicle design is used for low volume and mass production as well. In this typ e of structure it is imperative to ensure that all planes fully triangulated by doing so the beam elements are essentially loaded in tension and compression. In the space frame welded joints are done it retains bending and torsion at the joints, but to rely on this restrains will render the structure less stiff. The stiffness is provided by the diagonal member subject to direct tension or compression. 2.1.9.2 Space frame principles A space frame is three dimensional arrangements of tubes loaded in pure tension and compression. The joints between them can be replaced by the ball joints without affecting the stiffness. Other important feature is all loads enter and leave the structure at the points of intersection of three or more tubes. The structural elements do not have to be tubes and the joints do not have to be welded. In terms of torsional stiffness the space frame attempts to connect the four spring anchorages so that is impossible to twist the pair without stretching and compressing the tube. AIMS The first thing to undertake this research is to set some basic aims that need to be achieved. As the aim of the project is stated to reduce the weight and increase the stiffness of existing vehicle chassis. So the main aims are in terms of weight, stiffness, and size. 3.1. Weight Weight was a main consideration in the research it is very crucial to reduce it to that of original weight. It helps in improving the weight to power ratio, better fuel efficiency and performance. 3.2. Stiffness It is also another key factor to be considered in the research. The stiffness must be improved to that of existing one in case of torsion, bending. 3.3. Size Last but not the least, the above reduction in weight and increase in stiffness must be achieved without effecting the size and shape of the chassis. This is important because it should not affect the driver to get in the car, and appearance of the car. And also the constraints set for the positioning of the engine etc should not be changed. 3.4. Requirements Certain requirements beyond my research boundary and aims are needed to be specified, to make up and achieving success in my research they are: The elements in the space frame which should not disturb must be specified. The dimensions of the chassis, and the materials used must be specified. The specification of the loads on the chassis. The original weight of the chassis which is going to be modified. The stiffness that chassis must be in terms of torsion, bending. Project Objectives The objectives of the project are: To analyse the original chassis, its structure, weight, stiffness, torsion, and materials used. Research the characteristics of space frame chassis and discover the effects with respect to vehicle handling and performance in case of bending and torsion loads. The benefits and performance of materials when replaced by the original one in terms of weight and stiffness. The research should be done with resources available. From testing and changing the elements, dimensions other than the constraints in lab, modifying the improvements in chassis. Analysing the results to that of the original chassis and comparing. Research Questions What are the materials used for the chassis construction? What are positions in the chassis which should not be disturbed? What is maximum allowable weight, stiffness and loads that being subjected by the chassis? What will be effect on stiffness and weight if certain elements of the chassis were replaced by the other materials? If the diameter and size of the elements were changed what will be the effect on weight and stiffness? If the positions of the elements other than the elements which should not be disturbed, i.e. by mix and matching, replacing the positions. What will be the effect on stiffness and weight? If the circular tube cross-sectional elements of the chassis in some areas are replaced by square tube cross-sectional elements, what will be the effect on stiffness and weight? Research Approach and Design 6.1. Introduction The problem being researched is quantitative rather than qualitative. It deals in numerical values and variables, predetermined categories, focuses on specific knowledge and control of variables. The approach of this research is different to that of qualitative research which would involve human subjects, questionnaires and interviews. The approach will be analytical which will include experimental analysis, analysing the data, interpreting the results, comparisons etc. 6.2. Approach and design The research is about how to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of existing vehicle chassis. The research is based on a lot of literature, experimental design and analysis. It should be well designed, planned and managed to ensure that the results can be analysed, interpreted and presented. Throughout the period of the research a process was followed to produce a successful report on the analysis done with that of the original chassis they are: Setting some benchmarks in regarding to the design of chassis. Analyse the previous chassis, and getting an idea in terms of stiffness, weight, shape. Developing the modelling, and analysing techniques that allows the process to be simple and can be modified easily. Gaining the information regarding the dimensions of the chassis from the designers and the areas in the chassis which should not be disturbed in terms of design. Looking for the possibility of the new considerations that were not previously included in the design. Considering the feedback of the supervisor as the process of the research goes on. 6.3. Experiment design It includes a statement of problem to be solved. Before going to do the research on the experimental design it is important to consider all points of view of what the experiment is intended to do. 6.3.1 Response variable The problem must include reference to at least on characteristic of a unit on which information is to be obtained. Those characteristics are called response or dependent variables. In this research the response variables are weight and stiffness, which are dependent on material, design, etc. In addition to reference of the response variable, some questions should be asked. They are measurements methods, what tools are required to measure the variable? Can variable can be measured accurately or not? 6.3.2 Independent variables The variables which control the response variables are called Independent variables. In this piece of work the independent variables are: Load on the space frame chassis. Material used for the chassis. Design of the chassis. Size and shape. The independent variables will be chosen randomly one at a time or by considering more than one independent variable. The response on the dependent are analysed and compared to that of original chassis. 6.3.3. Design Before the data is collected and results are drawn, it is important to know how to solve the problem with a limited amount of time and available resources. It is important to note how many observations should be taken, what is the maximum amount of deviation in terms of stiffness and weight in comparable to original one. Also attention is required in handling the independent variables. 6.3.4. Analysis comparison The final step in the experiment is to compare the results of the optimised chassis to that of the results on the original one, and approach the problem by checking and comparing the results. This will be done by the preparation of the graphical displays of the values in terms of weight and stiffness. Its important to make sure that the results are within the prescribed limits. If its not, follow the investigation again by controlling the independent variables. 6.4. FSAE chassis Rules and Requirements. There are some rules that must be followed throughout the design and construction of chassis. If these rules are not followed strictly the FSAE car will be eliminated from the competition. The rules that have to be followed are. Structural requirements. Minimum material requirements. Alternative tubing and material. Steel tubing requirements. Aluminium tubing requirements. Composite material requirements. Roll hoops requirements. Tube frames. 6.4.1 Structural requirements. The structure of the vehicle must include two roll hoops, front bulk head with support system and impact Attenuator, and side impact structures. 6.4.2 Minimum material requirements. 6.4.2.1 Baseline Steel Material. The structure of the car must be constructed with: Round, mild or alloy, steel tubing (minimum 0.1% carbon) of the minimum dimensions according to the following table. Item or Application Outside diameter ÃÆ'— Wall thickness Main and Front hoops, Shoulder harness mounting bar. inch (25.4 mm) x 0.095 inch (2.4 mm) 25.0 mm x 2.50 mm metric Side Impact Structure, Front Bulkhead Roll Hoop Bracing, Drivers Restraint Harness attachment. inch (25.4mm) ÃÆ'— 0.0065 inch (1.65mm) or 25.0mm ÃÆ'— 1.75mm metric or 25.4mm ÃÆ'—1.60mm metric. Front bulk head support. 1.0 inch (25.4mm) ÃÆ'— 0.049 inch (1.25 mm) Or 25.0 mm ÃÆ'—1.5 mm metric or 26.0mm ÃÆ'— 1.2 mm metric. Table 6.4.2: Minimum material requirements. (Source: FAE rules 2008) 6.4.2.2 Alternative Tubing and Material The chassis can be constructed with alternative tubing and material but not for the Main Roll Hoop and Main Roll Hoop Bracing. These must be constructed only with the Steel, to say in other words the use of Composites and other materials such as Aluminium or alloys are strictly prohibited. If the chassis was to constructed with alternate tubing rather than material, the tubing must not be thinner than as shown below. 6.4.2.2.1: Minimum wall thickness for steel tubing requirements Material and Application: Minimum wall thickness: Steel tubing for front and Main Roll Hoops 2.0 mm (0.079 inch) Steel tubing for Roll hoop Bracing, Front bulk head drivers harness attachment. 1.6 mm (0.063 inch) Steel tubing for side impact structure front bulk head support. 1.2 mm (0.047 inch) Table 6.4.2.2.1: Minimum wall thickness for steel tubing requirements Source: FSAE 2008 rules. 6.4.2.3: Aluminium tubing requirements Minimum wall thickness: Material Application : Minimum wall thickness: Aluminium tubing 3.0 mm (0.118 inch) Table 6.4.2.3: Aluminium tubing requirements. (Source: FSAE 2008 rules). 6.4.3. Roll Hoops The Roll hoop design criteria must justify the following: 6.4.3.1. Main Hoop The drivers head and hands must not contact the ground in any rollover attitude. The frame must include both Main Hoop and Front Hoops The Main Hoop must be constructed of single uncut tubing made of steel as per the minimum tubing requirements. The use alternate material is prohibited for construction of main hoop. The main hoop must extend from the lowest member on one side of the frame, to the down towards the lowest Frame member on the other side of the frame. In the side of the car the portion of the attachment of the Main Roll Hoop which lies above the attachment point of the main structure of the frame must be within 10 degrees to the vertical. The vertical members of the Main Hoop must be at least 380mm apart at the location where the Main Hoop is attached to the Major Structure of the Frame. In the Front view of the vehicle. 6.4.3.2. Front Hoop The Front Hoop must be constructed of closed structure of steel as minimum tubing requirements. The use composite materials are prohibited. The Front Hoop Frame member must extend from one side of the Frame, to the down over and towards the lowest Frame member on the other side of the Frame. The top most surface of the Front Hoop should not be below the top of the steering wheel in any angular position. The front Hoop should be no more than 250 mm forward of the steering wheel when measured horizontally through the vehicle centre line. No part of the Front Hoop should be inclined at not more than 20 degrees in the side view. 6.4.3.3. Main Hoop General Requirements A straight line drawn from the top of the main hoop to the top of the front hoop must be clear by 50.8 mm of the helmet of the teams drivers and the helmet of a 95th percentile male. When seated normally and restrained by the Drivers Restraint system. 95th Percentile Male Template Dimensions A two dimensional template used to represent the 95th percentile male is made to the following dimensions: A circle of diameter 200 mm (7.87 inch) will represent the hips and buttocks. A circle of diameter 200 mm (7.87 inch) will represent the shoulder/cervical region. A circle of diameter 300 mm (11.81 inch) will represent the head (with helmet). A straight line measuring 490 mm (19.29 inch) will connect the centres of the two 200 mm circles. A straight line measuring 280 mm (11.02 inch) will connect the centres of the upper 200 mm circle and the 300 mm head circle. The 95th percentile male template will be positioned as follows: the seat will be Source: FSAE rules 2008. 6.4.4. Front Impact Structure The drivers feet are always with in the Major structure of the Frame. No part of the drivers feet should be above or outside the Frame in the side and front views, while touching the pedals. Forward of the Front bulk head must be energy- absorbing Attenuator. 6.4.4.1. Bulk Head The requirements of the Bulk head in a Front impact structure are: It should be constructed of closed section tubing. It should be located in front of all non-crushable objects. It should be positioned in such way that the soles of the driver when they touch the pedals must be rearward of the bulkhead plane. Monocoque construction must approve a Structural Equivalency Form. 6.4.5. Side Impact Structure The Side Impact structure must satisfy the following: 6.4.5.1. Tube Frames The Side impact structure must be contained with at least three tubular members located on the each side of the driver when seated in the normal driving position. The required three tubular members must be within the material specification. The location for the three required tubular members are: The top structural member of the side impact must connect the Main Hoop and the Front Hoop at the height in between 300 mm and 350 mm above the ground including the 77kg driver seated in the normal driving position. The impact structural member on the lower side must connect to the bottom of the Main Hoop and the bottom of the Front Hoop. The diagonal side impact structural member must connect the upper and lower sides of the impact structural members forward of the main Hoop and rearward of the Front Hoop. Planning the time scales of project. Organising, and fixing the time schedules. Setting aims and objectives. Research questions. 7.2. Literature review Need for reducing the weight and increase the stiffness of chassis. Loads that act on chassis in various cases. Looking at Space frame chassis clearly, and understanding it. Looking at any previous work done similar to this. Any bench marks regarding the weight and stiffness i.e. minimum weight and rigidity that a chassis should be. Also the positions of elements in regarding to the drivers safety, suspension, steering, engine mountings etc. Materials that were used to build the chassis. Diameter of tubes and permissible wall thickness in a chassis should be. Can the outer diameter of the tube be increased and wall thickness be decreased or vice versa. Any option given for change the material of tubes, for example can a mild steel element be replaced with Aluminium or Composites? If the materials were changed does it meet the requirements in weight, stiffness and cost, manufacturability? 7.3. Analysis and interpretation of results Importing the image files of CAD drawings of the original chassis into the FEA software. Analysing the original chassis in weight, stiffness, materials used, outer diameter, wall thickness. Designing the experiments. Changing the wall thickness, outer diameter, positioning of elements by using the FEA software tool. Looking for any areas were design can be changed. Looking at areas where maximum elements can be replaced with minimum elements. Getting the results after running the solver and then comparing it with results to that of original chassis. If the results were satisfied in terms of weight and stiffness, problem was solved. If not the experiment was repeated again and analysed. Project Risk Assessment, Healthy and Safety In this Project the use of resources are: LRC, and journal data bases for literature searching. FEA laboratory for interpretation of results and analysis. The benchmarks are provided by the makers of original chassis. Also the chassis provided is just the CAD drawing but not structure is given in physical way. So analysis will be took place in the LAB which includes change in material, diameters, wall thickness, position of elements etc all will done by use of FEA software tool. But not done manually with machining, welding etc while changing the parameters of elements. So the project risk assessment, health safety are very minimum. And the project will not include for health safety and risk assessment. Ethical Issues The Research which is being done is Quantitative rather than Qualitative. It concentrates on measuring the variables and interpretation results and analysing, and comparing. So it is clear that it does not contain involvement of investigating subjective data and also the perceptions of involvement of people. References Race car chassis : design and construction / Forbes Aird. Publisher: Motorbooks International, 1997. Practical research: planning and design. Edition: 8th ed., International ed. / Paul D. Leedy, Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. Publisher: Merrill Prentice Hall, c2005. Design and analysis of experiments / Douglas C. Montgomery. Edition: 2nd ed. Publisher: Wiley, c1984. An introduction to modern vehicle design / edited by Julian Happian-Smith. Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001 The modern Formula 1 race car: from drawing board to racetrack / Nigel Macknight. Publisher: Motorbooks International, 1993. Formula 1 technology / Peter Wright; illustrations by Tony Matthews Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers, c2001. The science of Formula 1 design: expert analysis of the anatomy of the modern Grand Prix car / David Tremayne. Haynes, 2004.

UMBC Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Maryland, Baltimore County is a public university with an acceptance rate of 58%. Located just 15 minutes from Baltimores Inner Harbor and 30 minutes from Washington, D.C., the university offers undergraduates 48 majors and 38 minors. For excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, UMBC was awarded a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society.  The universitys many strengths earned it a spot among the  top Maryland colleges and universities. In athletics, the UMBC Retrievers compete in the NCAA Division I America East Conference. ï » ¿Considering applying to UMBC? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County had an acceptance rate of 58%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 58 were admitted, making UMBCs admissions competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 11,720 Percent Admitted 58% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 26% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of Maryland, Baltimore County requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 91% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 600 670 Math 590 690 ERW-Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of UMBCs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to University of Maryland, Baltimore County scored between 600 and 670, while 25% scored below 600 and 25% scored above 670. On the math section, 50% of admitted student scored between 590 and 690, while 25% scored below 590 and 25% scored above 690. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1360 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at UMBC. Requirements University of Maryland, Baltimore County does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that UMBC participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements The University of Maryland, Baltimore County requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 20% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 23 30 Math 23 28 Composite 24 29 This admissions data tells us that most of UMBCs admitted students fall within the top 26% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County received a composite ACT score between 24 and 29, while 25% scored above 29 and 25% scored below 24. Requirements UMBC does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for admitted UMBC students was 3.86. This data suggests that most successful applicants to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County have primarily B/B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Maryland, Baltimore County Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of Maryland, Baltimore County, which accepts just over half of applicants, has a somewhat competitive admissions process. Most successful applicants have grades and test scores that are above average. However, UMBC has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong  application essay  and glowing  letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in  meaningful extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see a pretty clear division at an SAT score of about 1150 (ERWM) and an ACT score of 23. Most students above these  scores got in, and most below it did not. Youll also notice that the majority of successful applicants had high school averages of B or higher. Higher test scores and grades obviously improve your chances of getting an acceptance letter, and almost no students with A averages and above average SAT scores were rejected. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Maryland, Baltimore Countys Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Having Suffered A Heart Attack Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(99) " was reported to holding felt nauseous and uncomfortable in his thorax after devouring his dinner\." This assignment ‘s purpose is, to give the reader a really precise apprehension of the medical journey, a male platinum aged 55 old ages of age named Matthew will travel through, after holding suffered a bosom onslaught ( acute myocardial infarction ) . That was diagnosed in infirmary five hours post patient ‘s initial symptoms while exigency intervention was being implemented. Information both via household and from medical professionals in respects to the platinum ‘s life style and the platinum ‘s consequences to allow medical appraisals, usher and find the way the platinum will medically venture down, towards recovery. We will write a custom essay sample on Having Suffered A Heart Attack Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Much of the information gathered about the platinum ‘s history will be subjective informations ; this significance information peculiar to our peculiar person that may or may non hold a bearing due to the exactitude, preciseness and proved current cogency ; the information is from the topic or topics household. Still the information must be considered. There will besides be information known as nonsubjective informations, intending information that is besides specific to the patient, but more precise, factual, mensurable, not opinionated and demonstrable from professionals in the medical field. The subject of pathophysiology will be explored in several facets associating to the platinum and giving ground to the platinum ‘s physical status and recent marks and symptoms. Management of the patient and his status, by single wellness attention professional ‘s and as collaborative squads and or squad in a holistic mode will be outlined and discussed. Finally of class the pharmacological sector of the platinum ‘s intervention will be delved into, to bespeak the rule characteristics and maps and possible side effects of medicines he was and may be prescribed. The subject of this assignment is highly of import and really relevant due to the current medical tendencies we have in Australia sing coronary arteria disease ( CAD ) , which is incorporated within cardio vascular disease ( CVD ) . â€Å" Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) A is the taking cause of decease in Australia, accounting for 34 % of all deceases in Australia inA 2006. Cardiovascular disease kills one Australian about every 10 proceedingss. † . † ( Heart Foundation of Australia 30/05/09 ) . â€Å" It is estimated that about 4 % of the population over 45 old ages have chronic HF [ Heart Failure ] . Cardiovascular disease is one of the chief causes of decease in both Australia and New Zealand, the incidence dramatically increases with progressing age and, as the aged popul ation additions, HF incidence and prevalence will increase. HF histories for about 2 % of all deceases and is the 3rd largest cause of cardiovascular-related decease. The life-time hazard of developing HF has been estimated at around 20 % for Western states. The addition in prevalence of HF in Australia and New Zealand has been attributed to the ripening of the population, improved endurance from bosom onslaught, and the increased prevalence of diabetes and fleshiness in the population and the wider usage of sensitive diagnostic engineering. † ( Brown A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009 pg 883 ) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY In the bulk of bosom failure state of affairss, the left ventricle non working as it should, Cardio Vascular Disease ( CVD ) . â€Å" Three of the more common causes of reduced LV contractility include coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture and systemic high blood pressure † ( Phipps Sands A ; Marek 6th ed.1999 pg 700 ) . â€Å" Systolic failure, the most common cause of HF, consequences from an inability of the bosom to pump blood. It is a defect in the ability of the ventricles to contract ( pump ) . The left ventricle ( LV ) loses it ‘s ability to bring forth adequate force per unit area to chuck out blood frontward through the hard-hitting aorta. † ( Brown A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009 pg 884 ) Coronary arteria disease lowers the Black Marias ability to contract through being the cause of less oxygenated blood being delivered to the chondriosome of the sarcostyles. In aortal stricture, where there is noticeable narrowing of the aortal lms the left ventricle dema nds to pump harder to acquire the needed volume of blood through the now limited valve. With systemic high blood pressure, where the overall blood force per unit area is already higher than norm, the left ventricle must supply more force per unit area than this overall blood force per unit area to win in pumping out its volume or at least a valid per centum. What finally happens when the left ventricle can non pump out the needed sum of blood ; is blood staying in the left ventricle causes extra blood to stay in the left atrium besides. The effect of excess blood is blood endorsing up into the pneumonic circulation. All this extra blood increases the force per unit area in the pneumonic capillaries coercing blood into the interstitium so the air sac compromising gaseous exchange. High pneumonic force per unit areas negatively effects the blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs, ensuing in less blood being oxygenated aˆÂ ¦ a barbarous rhythm of deoxygenated blood easy h ungering the organic structure of O and taking to an Acute Myocardial Infarction ( AMI ) . The authoritative marks and symptoms that was noticeable with the patient. Was being short of breath and being visible radiation headed after a really small sum of physical activity, which usually the platinum could accomplish without any emphasis. This represents a deficiency of O being circulated finally doing a rise in respiratory rate and visible radiation headedness due to low sums of O to the encephalon. â€Å" Dyspnea, an unnatural uncomfortable consciousness of external respiration, occurs when high pulmonary force per unit areas force fluid out of the pneumonic capillaries into the air sac. The fluid in the air sac interferes with effectual gas exchange. † ( Phipps Sands A ; Marek 6th ed.1999 pg 702 ) â€Å" Dyspnoea ( shortness of breath ) is a common manifestation of chronic HF. It is caused by increased pneumonic force per unit areas secondary to interstitial and alveolar hydrops. Dyspnoea can happen with mild effort or at remainder † . ( Brown A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009 pg 887 ) It makes sense that Matthew our patient was reported to holding felt nauseous and uncomfortable in his thorax after devouring his dinner. You read "Having Suffered A Heart Attack Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" His digestive system would be necessitating oxygenated blood to map and his bosom evidently was non able to provide that. Hence feeling nauseated, due to the lessening in cardiac end product ( CO ) impairing perfusion to critical variety meats such as his tummy and bowels. Pain and or disfunction would be noticeable when the peculiar organ ‘s demands for more oxygenated blood additions. ( Brown A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009. pg 887 ) An hr subsequently Mathew ‘s symptoms worsen, increasing in badness. His thorax strivings are much worse and are besides radiating down his left arm. â€Å" Heart Failure can precipitate chest hurting because of reduced coronary perfusion from decreased CO and increased myocardial work. Anginal -type hurting may attach to HF. † ( Brown A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009. pg 888 ) During the execution of exigency interventions, Matthew was diagnosed as holding had an acute myocardial infarction AMI. Information was so gathered both via Matthew his household and via physical medical scrutiny.The information gathered by word of oral cavity through inquiries in interview from Matthew and his household are classified as subjective, of import but ca n’t be proven without a shadow of a uncertainty. The information collected via the physical scrutiny is current and can be proven hence classified as aim. Either manner all the information can be categorised as modifiable ( M ) or non modifiable ( NM ) ; mutable or non mutable. The undermentioned appraisal findings are recorded and will now be identified as M or NM. These findings will play a function making the beginnings of a valid attention program. Data is as follows, ‘A history of coronary arteria disease, specifically high blood pressure ‘ This is really of import due to his past being now revisited may give us an thought as to what may hold happened and or a prevue of things yet to come. Data classified as NM because it ca n’t be changed, you ca n’t alter your yesteryear. ‘States he late stopped taking his antihypertensives as he ‘felt better † . This information decidedly has a bearing because non taking this medicine would raise Matthews blood force per unit area and increase his high blood pressure which in bend additions his Black Marias work load and perchance puting his bosom up to neglect ensuing in AMI. Data classified as M because it can be changed, Matthew could take his medicine. ‘Mother besides has high blood pressure ‘ . Proposing this status being inherited and the particulars of the high blood pressure may be similar, casting visible radiation on what is being dealt with by Matthew, perchance salvaging much valuable clip as to the way to be investigated. Data classified NM, because cistrons can non be altered. ‘States he is marginal diabetic ‘ Diabetes – Peoples with diabetes have a two to eight times greater hazard of bosom failure compared to those without diabetes. Womans with the status have a greater hazard of bosom failure than work forces with diabetes. Part of the hazard comes from the disease ‘s association with other bosom failure hazard factors, such as high blood force per unit area, fleshiness, and high cholesterin degrees. The disease procedure besides amendss the bosom musculus. ( Symptoms of bosom disease, n.d. ) Heart failure should, nevertheless, be suspected in anyone presenting with a history of new oncoming weariness, hydrops or shortness of breath. This is peculiarly the instance if the patient has a background of diabetes, chronicrenal damage, ischemic bosom disease, high blood pressur e. ( Brady.S, n.d. ) This tells us, if true, that diet will be of paramount importance because diet is an of import direction therapy for both HF and Diabetes. Diet instruction and weight direction are critical to the patient ‘s control of chronic HF. The nurse or dietician should obtain a elaborate diet history, finding non merely what foods the patient chows and when but besides sociocultural value of nutrient. ( Brown A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009. pg 894 ) Data classified as NM if Matthew is truly without uncertainty diabetic, that ca n’t be changed but can be adapted to. ‘Overweight but late lost 5kg ‘ . Because it is, late lost 5 kilogram, it could be as a consequence of him being ailing, but from here onwards his diet will be an indispensable portion of his overall attention program. The diet will hold to be specifically tailored to decrease his fleshiness, and will besides hold to suit his diabetic demands it will likely hold to be low Na low fat and be ale rt of sugars, to assist him in respects to his HF position. Data classified as M, can and must alter. ‘Rarely exercises ‘ detrimental in respects to HF and how he got to where he now is, but his physical activity will hold to be minimised until he is in a healthier place, to so get down remodelling his life style with exercising, ( monitored of class ) , to better his wellness and understate the opportunities of HF re-occurring. Data M aˆÂ ¦very mutable, from inactive to active bit by bit. ‘Has smoked 15-20 cigarettes/day for the past 18 old ages ‘ . This would hold had an inauspicious affect on both Matthews ‘s pneumonic system and cardiovascular system ; smoking deprives the organic structure of O because blood will transport C monoxide in penchant to oxygen plus smoking destroys many of the air sac that absorbs the O for gaseous exchange therefore the lungs are absorbing less O overall for the organic structure, therefore holding damaging conseq uences on musculuss including the bosom. â€Å" Smoking surcease may non straight cut down BP, but markedly reduces overall cardiovascular hazard. The hazard of myocardial infarction is 2-6 times higher and the hazard of shot is 3 times higher in people who smoke than in non-smokers † ( HeartFoundation.2010 ) .Data M aˆÂ ¦Matthew can be helped to discontinue smoke this is modifiable behavior. ‘Has 3 teenage kids who are doing jobs ‘ This job is a stress direction job, there have been many surveies done, covering this affair and a Psychologist would be the best port of call to assist Mathew cover with this emphasis. â€Å" Family demands chiefly affect lovingness and supplying for kids of married employees. Number of dependent kids is an nonsubjective index of the degree of household demands ( Rothausen, 1999 ) . † ( International Journal of Stress Management 2008 ) Data M this subjective informations can be altered but more specifically can be adapted to by get bying mechanisms being applied aˆÂ ¦ ! ‘Recently experient loss of best friend and concern spouse who died from malignant neoplastic disease ‘ . Besides another emphasis get bying job needed, and would best be suited for a psychologist ‘s expertness. Even though the platinum ‘s nurse would likely hold more contact hours with the platinum aˆÂ ¦this is where wellness attention professionals can join forces, work together as a squad for the platinum ‘s ultimate end, of working better and perchance being discharged. Data M the heartache can be dealt with through a assortment of possible intercessions, so this state of affairs is non inalterable, it is decidedly modifiable. ‘ Oppressing substernal thorax hurting radiating down his left arm and giddiness. Pain mark: 9/10’.This is a text book description of what it feels like to be enduring from an Acute Myocardial Infarction as is described in many pathophysiology texts. †Å" The hurting typically is terrible and suppression, frequently described as being compressing, smothering or like, â€Å" person sitting on my thorax. † The hurting normally is substernal, radiating to the left arm, cervix, or jaw, although it may be experienced in other countries. Unlike that of angina, the hurting associated with AMI is more drawn-out and non relieved by remainder or nitro-glycerine, and narcotics often are required. † ( Porth.C. 2007 pg 395 ) â€Å" Data M this hurting is a tell narrative that an Acute Myocardial Infarction is in procedure. This hurting is frequently mistaken for dyspepsia and is treated with hydrogen carbonate, alkalizers or even pain slayers which in bend could detain seeking professional medical attending. Siting the individual up with legs lower than the bosom, even swinging the legs may give some alleviation prior to medical attending geting. By understating the Black Marias work load via decreasing venous return. ‘Phys ical scrutiny ‘ Objective information is as follows. Diaphoresis, abruptly of breath and sickness. Diaphoresis [ sudating ] is sometimes due to wound or unnatural cells of the bosom motivating the production of pyrogen. This causes the hypothalamus to react to a higher set point, the hypothalamus initiates heat production behaviors ( shuddering and vasoconstriction ) hence the profuse perspiration, anxiousness the feeling of pending day of reckoning, I am certain plays a function in this excessively. â€Å" Many non-infectious upsets, such as myocardial infarction, pneumonic emboli, and tumor ‘s green goods febrility. † ( Porth.C.2007 pg 288 ) Short of breath or Dyspnea can be because of myocardial infarction oncoming because blood is endorsing up into the pneumonic system and holding an inauspicious consequence on the lungs [ alveoli ] being able to absorb O and interchanging it for C dioxide, which so makes one short of breath because O is low and even C dioxide is low so the trigger to do one breath is besides non available Dyspnea in this instance is a respiratory manifestation † due to congestion of the pneumonic circulation and is one of the major indicants of left sided bosom failure. † ( Porth.C.2007 pg 426 Nausea is a feeling of unwellness aˆÂ ¦that is sometimes a precursor to purging. â€Å" Perform complete appraisal of sickness, including frequence, continuance, badness, and precipitating factors, to be after appropriate intercessions. † ( Brown A ; Edwards. 2009. Pg1065 ) â€Å" Nausea often is accompanied by ANS manifestations such as watery salivation and vasoconstriction with pallour, sudating, [ perspiration ] and tachycardia. Nausea may work as an early warning signal of a diseased process. † ( Porth.C. 2007 pg 602 ) . Possibly even an acute myocardial infarction. Diaphoresis, Dyspnea and Nausea are all M, O therapy, cold compress, organic structure positioning i.e. sitting up – pillow s support- take downing limbs and giving antiemetic if ordered ; to modify these symptoms. The implicit in cause of the symptoms will depend on physician diagnosing perchance drug therapy or surgery. BP 165/100 mmHg – Pulse rate 120 beats/min – Respiratory rate 26 breaths/min. Bp is rather high this tells us that the force per unit area is high but the ground could be many, could be that the individual is by and large hypertensive, in the procedure of holding an episode of HF, or on drugs that are doing vasodialation of arterias or rushing up the bosom and many many more possible grounds, the most serious being HF. Pulse rate is besides really high this rate is such you would be anticipating the person to be running non at remainder ; the bosom would merely be working this difficult at rest if there was something incorrect, rather perchance oncoming of HF. Body non having adequate O ; musculuss, major variety meats, including encephalon being starved of O and finally the bosom being a musculus would get down experiencing the effects. Respiratory rate is elevated besides, stand foring the organic structure seeking to do up an O debt. All these symptoms can be minimised and a certain sum of comfort can be achieved, so data classified as M. Through O therapy, stockings, take downing limbs and sitting up. O2 Impregnation: 94 % on room air. Is non improbably low but oxygen therapy via rhinal prongs would decidedly be good at no higher than 4 liters per minute to acquire O2 impregnation over 95 % . So this would be considered modifiable M. Electrocardiogram: A premature ventricular contraction with ST lift in anterior thorax leads V1-V3. Signifies a left front tooth wall myocardial infarction. This could mean that the left anterior falling coronary arteria is occluded How to cite Having Suffered A Heart Attack Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Techniques For Enhance The Motivation Level †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Techniques For Enhance The Motivation Level. Answer: Techniques adopted by the Managers to enhance the motivation level of the employees The article is based on the techniques that are adopted by the managers, so that the efficiency of the employees can be increased. Motivation is an important element which should be taken into consideration by every organization. The thesis statement on which the main emphasis is given is based on the techniques or the methods that are adopted by the managers, so that the motivation level of the employees can be increased. The article is related with the Cerkezkoy in which the manager has to perform the activities which gives emphasis on increasing the motivation level of the employees who are working in the organization. If an organization want to survive in the market then it is very important that there results should be achieved in a positive way. Motivation technique is something which is very important element that gives direct impact on the working pattern of the employees. If the topmanagement gives proper motivation to the employees, then it can be seen that workers can effi ciently conduct their operations. Motivation is considered as a process which discloses all the capability or the ability of an individual. The individual, who is highly motivated, can easily attain the targets of the organization. It is the main duty of the topmanagement to motivate the employees who are working in the organization in proper manner (Greco, Charlier, Christopher and Brown, 2014). If the topmanagement fails to motivate the employees who are working in the organization, then it is very difficult for them to attain the target. The organization should give main focus on enhancing the level of motivation of the employees, so that the operations can be conducted in a smooth manner. To conduct the task in an efficient way, the main responsibility is of the employee. The task or the operations are performed by the employees and if employees are not efficient towards the work, then it can be a great disadvantage for the organization (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). The strength which is analyzed in the article is related with the motivation techniques that are used by the manager and by that only they can attain the goals and objectives which are prevailing in the market. The topmanagement should always assist and support the employees. If there is a team, then it is a responsibility of a manager to assist and give full support to the subordinates. If the support is given by the top management then it is seen that the organization can easily compete with the competitors that are prevailing in the market (Miner, 2015). For example: If there is an organization in which it is very difficult for the employees to attain the target, then it is seen that there is lack of motivation in the organization. The manager should take immediate actions or consider the technique which will enhance the confidence and motivation level of the employees to conduct its operations on time. If there is a lack of motivation between the employees, then the organization can never be able to attain the goals (Donagan, 2017). The weakness that is seen in the article is related with the lack of motivation between the employees who are conducting the day to day operations of the organization. Every organization needs an efficient employee to conduct the operations of the organization. If the employee is not efficient towards the work, then the main duty is of the manager to give motivation. Motivation enhances the working pattern of the employees. It is seen that there are many techniques which are there for the manager, but to implement it the manager has to analyze the situation. Motivation should be given by analyzing the working pattern of the employee. If the worker who is dedicated towards the work can also set an example for other employees who are working in the organization (Kleebbua and Siriparp, 2016). It is seen if one employee tries to give best towards the work, then other employees also feel motivated and inspired. Other employees of the organization also try to work and give best towards the work. Job satisfaction also plays a great role in enhancing the working pattern of the employee. If the employee is satisfied and happy with the job, then it is seen that he or she will be able to attain the target easily. If the employee is not satisfied with the job then it will give negative impact on the organization. So, it is very essential to motivate the employees who are working in the organization. Also the employee who conduct the same task daily get bored and need some motivation, so that the work can be performed in proper manner (Dhar, 2015). Training is also considered as an important aspect to conduct the day to day operations in a proper manner. It helps the employees to learn about new things and also helps to gain knowledge about the operations or the activities that are conducted in the organization. By giving proper training to the employees, the organization can easily enhance the profitability and productivity. The employee who is trained can conduct its operations or the activities in an effective way. It is seen that there are various organizations that use incentive as a method to motivate the employees (Ford, 2014). Monetary reward is something which everyone wants, as it helps to fulfill the requirements and needs. Incentives are not only the technique which is used by the manager to motivate the employees who are working in the organization. The technique which is used by the manager to motivate the employees is concerned with the contribution which is done by the employees of the organization. Employee con tribution is concerned with contributing the thoughts, ideas and the suggestions to the problems. It is a technique which helps the employee to know the importance and also give positive impact on the working pattern (Centerod, 2012). Employee compensation plays a great role in enhancing the level of motivation of the employees. The employee compensation is related with the rewards that are given to the employees of the organization. It is related with the direct financial payments like wages, salaries and vacations. The manager can use this technique to motivate the employee, so that their can work with full dedication towards the work. The reward is concerned with the vacation or benefit in monetary terms (Temminck, Mearns and Fruhen, 2015). In the recent scenario it is seen that the employees are concerned about the jobs which offer benefits and incentives. So to enhance the job satisfaction, the manager should focus on giving rewards to the employees of the organization. The manager should also focus on analyzing the needs and wants, so that the corrective steps can be taken according to the requirement of the employee. In this article there are various methods which are taken into consideration like sample an d population method (Colbert, Barrick and Bradley, 2014).It helps to analyze the efficiency of the worker towards the work. There are various theories also that should be implemented by the managers like Maslow theory in which the main focus is on the needs of the employees or the workers. In this theory the first needs is concerned with the physiological needs in which the basic requirement of the individual is measured, so the managers should take into consideration the basic needs to motivate the employees in proper way. Next need is concerned with the security in which the main objective of the manager should be to give stable and happy environment to the employees, so that they can easily complete their task or activities .Next need is concerned with the esteem need in which the manager should give full respect to the employees, in this the employee will feel happy and confidence to conduct its operations. The last one is concerned with the self-actualization need in which the manager should give main focus on realizing the potential to do the task or the activities in proper manner. The manager should take into consideration Maslow theory, as this theory gives full reflection of the needs which are required by the employees. The managers should identify and take into consideration that which need is satisfied and on which the focus should be given (Barrick, Thurgood, Smith and Courtright, 2015). In this article the workers are performing their activities. There are 229 workers who are conducting their task or the activity. 183 employees or the workers are engaged in the weaving industry and rests 46 are engaged in manufacturing industry. By giving support to the thesis statement, it can be easily said that the motivation gives positive impact and also enhances the efficiency of the worker to perform their task in a proper way. The manager should implement the techniques by taking into consideration different needs of an individual, and then only it can easy for the organization to attain the goals and objectives of the organization (Jehanzeb and Bashir, 2013). If the employee is efficient towards the work, then it can be seen that the organization can easily attain success and growth and also compete with the competitors that are prevailing in the market. References Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.111-135. Centerod, 2012, Seven ideas to get the most from your people, viewed on 7th September 2017, https://www.centerod.com/2012/02/getting-most-from-people/. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role organizational commitment.Tourism Management,46, pp.419-430. Donagan, A., 2017.Choice: The essential element in human action(Vol. 2). Taylor Francis Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Greco, L.M., Charlier, S.D., Christopher, J. and Brown, K.G., 2014. Technological Advances in Employee Training and Development. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2). Kleebbua, C. and Siriparp, T., 2016. Effects of Education and Attitude on Essential Learning Outcomes.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,217, pp.941-949. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Temminck, E., Mearns, K. and Fruhen, L., 2015. Motivating employees towards sustainable behaviour.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(6), pp.402-412.

5 Essential Tips for a KILLER LinkedIn Summary

5 Essential Tips for a KILLER LinkedIn Summary Many of you might have heard that LinkedIn profiles are about to undergo another facelift. Rumor amongst career professionals has is that the new profile will highlight the Summary section in a new way- making it more important than ever to have a compelling Summary to offer your readers. One of the most popular services The Essay Expert offers is writing the LinkedIn Profile Summary. We love interviewing people and writing copy for them; but you can also do it yourself if you are a good writer and know the message you want to get across. If you are a do-it-yourselfer, some tips for writing a great LinkedIn Summary might come in handy! Well, you’re in luck. CareerCast published one of my articles that provides five tips for a KILLER LinkedIn Summary; and although I agreed not to post the entire article on my own blog, I wanted to share the link with you. Here it is! 5 Essential Tips for a KILLER LinkedIn Summary As a preview, the tips are: Never leave the Summary section blank! Use all 2,000 characters. Tell stories. Break it up (graphically). Include your contact information [NOTE: I no longer suggest doing this unless you have space to spare, since the Contact Information section has recently been made more prominent.] I will likely write a sequel to this article soon, so please take a look at the first one and stay tuned for more useful advice! For samples of The Essay Expert’s LinkedIn Summary statements, see our LinkedIn Profile Samples. And if you are looking for a professional LinkedIn Profile Writing service, please visit our LinkedIn Profile Writing page to learn more about our services and rates. Do you have more ideas about how to write a KILLER LinkedIn Summary? Please share below†¦ you might even get quoted in my next article!

What Electronic Data Interchange Essays

What Electronic Data Interchange Essays What Electronic Data Interchange Essay What Electronic Data Interchange Essay I will expand on what Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is (conventional and internet based) and share with you some of the benefits and downfalls of operating such a system. Some of the benefits are lower costs, improved accuracy, and decreased paper output and processing time. One main downfall is the initial cost of the implementation of the system. I will also give you an example of how a company uses this technology. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) as defined by Roger Clarke: the exchange of documents in standardized electronic form, between organizations, in an automated manner, directly from a computer application in one organization to an application in another. EDI has been around for several decades and it has been the primary method of conducting electronic business-to-business commerce. It contains the same information that would be found on paper documents used for the same function within an organization. The following are elements of EDI: * Electronic transmission medium (VAN or the Internet) is used rather than the dispatch of physical storage media such as magnetic tapes and disks. * Structured, formatted messages based on agreed standards (messages can be translated, interpreted and checked). * Fast delivery of electronic documents within hours or minutes from sender to receiver. * Communication directly between applications rather than between computers. Conventional EDI Conventional EDI uses standard formats, American National Standards Institutes (ANSIs) X12 series, which specifies standard fields for invoices, purchase orders, shipping documents, payments and various other data transactions. The EDI software pulls flat files (where links to other data have been removed) from the mainframe systems such as financial and/or order-processing and translates the data into EDI standard forms. Then companies transmit large batches of EDI forms over a third-party value-added network (VAN). VANs make the job of connecting with other trading partners, organizations that receive or send documents from each other, easier by collecting forms in an electronic mailbox. It then sorts, translates and forwards them to recipients and guarantees that they reach their destinations intact. Benefits of conventional EDI are large companies can reduce the amount of errors in relation to re-keying information and decreasing the time and clerical costs of processing paper forms by hand. EDI standards and technologies are dependable, trusted and proven. Information is sent on private lines that have very little exposure to the public and in turn are relatively secure. Also, large volumes of data are moved efficiently through batch transfer of flat files, and established VANs help ease finding trading partners and connecting to their systems. Downfalls of conventional EDI are companies have to link their back-office systems to the EDI software, and then it has to synchronize protocols with their trading partners systems. Compatibility with new applications is difficult because of the complexity of the X12 formats. As a result of the compatibility the process of transferring large batches of data are delayed, which is at odds with todays real-time world. Also, the cost of transmitting data through VANs is very costly at $25 per 1,000 characters, but today costs are getting lower. Because conventional EDI is so rigid, costly and time consuming to initiate, it is only cost-effective for very large companies. For these reasons it keeps the number of EDI participants relatively very low. EDI via the Internet The internet was once thought to be the end of EDI, but instead it has given EDI users new options. EDI via the internet is basically the same as conventional EDI with the exception of how the information is transmitted. EDI transactions can now be sent over the internet instead of sending X12 forms back and forth via VANs. Software products put transactions into encrypted envelopes and then electronically seal them so that only authorized parties with the encryption key can view the contents. The envelopes are then sent over the public internet instead of privately owned VANs. Benefits of sending the transactions over the internet instead of via VANs are it can drastically reduce transmission costs and it is much faster. Also, most companies already have internet access and therefore would not have to pay additional costs to transmit batches over the internet. This would make it easier to attract new trading partners, like mom and pop stores, that have internet connections, but do not have the revenue to invest in VANs. Downfalls of EDI via the internet are questions raised about security, like confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and denial of having sent or received transactions. Security is only a concern for some not all EDI managers. Another downfall is that the required software must be the same for trading partners at both ends. They must install the same software and coordinate their upgrade cycles. Efforts are being made to make systems compatible and create requirements for EDI over the internet standards, but this takes time and therefore companies are limited to firm EDI formats. Example of EDI Large companies like Wal-Mart Stores Inc. have an EDI-based stock-replenishment system, which sends sales data to suppliers and initiates reordering of hot-selling items. This drastically reduces retailers warehouse inventory costs. Also, this system tells the manufacturers warehouse to ship product direct to a specific retail location. Typical information in a transmission includes a ship to address, bill to address, UPC codes, and quantities. Other information can be included if agreed upon by the trading parties. This process is also practiced by fields such as medicine, transportation, construction, engineering as well as many other industries. The full potential of an EDI system can be best utilized if it is integrated with other applications such as inventory control, shipping, accounts payable and production planning. Unfortunately, suppliers are forced to use the sometimes costly EDI system in order to continue a business relationship with the larger companies. This is not always as cost-effective for suppliers as it is for the larger companies. Summary EDI saves time because it is faster at transmitting data, delivers data with the utmost accuracy, cuts down on paper usage and decreases overall time by eliminating re-keying of information. It is a more stream-lined business process for both trading parties. Benefits can be obtained in areas like administration, inventory management, distribution, and cash management. EDI has its share of problems, but its benefits far exceed them. With the internet it is becoming easier for trading partners to transmit data at a much greater reduced cost to both parties. The next few years hold great promise for EDI and the internet. Existing EDI forms can be kept by trading partners and new ways of transmitting data can be found cheaper, which will enable more new partners.

Economics Of Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics Of Innovation - Essay Example The essence of innovation is commercialized change. Its commercial nature warrants special emphasis, in that innovation pertains directly and exclusively, to observable market activities and outcomes – to the scope of good and services that are offered to consumers, or to technological and organizational advances that facilitates the flow of these goods and services. Innovation is about more than ideas, it is about how the economic system transforms ideas into outcomes, outcomes that continually shapes its evolution. Considerable economic research has been devoted to establishing whether small and large firms differ with regard to the rate of innovation or their R & D activity. In the recent literature on industrial innovation, the main issue is not whether small or large firms are more innovative, but the role each plays in the innovation process. The growth in the number of small firms during the 1980s is not seen as an independent process, but is attributed to the decentral ization strategies of large firms (Albert and Patrick, 1992).The outsourcing of entrepreneurial functions by larger firms ha increased their flexibility, allowing them to react more quickly to changing market conditions. Small firms are a major source for new product and processes, but due to their limited financial resources they are often confined to the first phase of the innovation process.

Intelligence Failure and Politicization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intelligence Failure and Politicization - Essay Example Intelligence failure in the US context is defined by Stephen Marrin as something that has a negative impact on the country’s national security as well as an unpredicted international incident that previously escaped intelligence gathering and came about as a surprise to the international community. An example of this, according to Marrin is the India nuclear weapon test. As can be gleaned, the concept of surprise is allied to the concept of intelligence failure because surprise can only occur as a result of the latter (2004 p. 657). Robert Gates, former CIA head, defined politicization in the context of intelligence operations as involving intentionally distorted analysis or judgment leaning and favouring a certain line of thinking despite insufficient evidence to support it (1992 p. 5). 2.0 Vietnam and the Tet OffensiveThe Vietnam War was a battle between the once French-ruled south and the Communist north. The US’ engagement in the Vietnam War was considered one of th e most controversial ever in its history marked by relentless protests at home and the mind-boggling defeat of its forces in the battlefield. Three of the articles examined by this paper dealt with, amongst others, the US engagement in the Vietnam War and the controversies surrounding the seeming failure of its intelligence units in predicting the extent of the strength of the North Vietnamese forces.James Wirtz’s article â€Å"Intelligence to Please? The Order of Battle Controversy during the War,† dealt with the issue of the controversy.... As can be gleaned, the concept of surprise is allied to the concept of intelligence failure because surprise can only occur as a result of the latter (2004 p. 657). Robert Gates, former CIA head, defined politicization in the context of intelligence operations as involving intentionally distorted analysis or judgment leaning and favouring a certain line of thinking despite insufficient evidence to support it (1992 p. 5). 2.0 Vietnam and the Tet Offensive The Vietnam War was a battle between the once French-ruled south and the Communist north. The US’ engagement in the Vietnam War was considered one of the most controversial ever in its history marked by relentless protests at home and the mind-boggling defeat of its forces in the battlefield. Three of the articles examined by this paper dealt with, amongst others, the US engagement in the Vietnam War and the controversies surrounding the seeming failure of its intelligence units in predicting the extent of the strength of the North Vietnamese forces. James Wirtz’s article â€Å"Intelligence to Please? The Order of Battle Controversy during the War,† dealt with the issue of the controversy of the disparity between the figures cited by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) in the Order of Battle and the ensuing clash between their respective analysts. The most controversial aspect of this controversy was the charge by Sam Adams, a junior CIA analyst, of the existence of â€Å"a conspiracy at the highest levels of American military intelligence† (1991 p. 239), an allegation that became highly publicised and was featured in magazines, television and in a subsequent Senate hearing for that issue. This allegation stemmed

Types of Personal Selling

Types of Personal Selling It is used as visualized, when you see a printed or sound based advertisement, you can remember those advertisement for long in your mind. E.g.: Print advertisements, advertisements in Television, Radio, Billboard, Broachers and Catalogues, In-store display, motion pictures, banner ads, web pages, posters are some of the examples of advertising The more you advertise, you can develop the brand Whenever you see the advertisement , you remember the product or service so, the product has long term image Slide 06 Sales promotion Examples: Contests, product samples, Coupons, trade shows and exhibitions. Slide 07 Popular sales promotion Buy one get one free when you buy one product you get the same product as free Customer relationship management incentive such as bonus points or money off coupons. Customer relationship management is from banks to super markets E.g.: Apico provides privilege card to the customers Nolimit provides Arampaima Card to the customers Nexus Card provide more benefit for the customers New Media website and mobile phones that support a sales promotion E.g.: in UK nestle printed individual codes on KIT-KAT packaging, whereby a consumer would enter the code into a dynamic website to see if they had won prize. Consumers could also text codes via mobile phone to the same effect. Free gift Buy one product and get one product free as a gift. Joint promotions buy one product of one brand and you get another brand product as free Free samples Tasting of food and drinks at sampling points in supermarkets E.g. Red Bull was given away to potential consumer at supermarkets, in high streets and at petrol stations (by a promotion team) Vouchers coupons often seen in newspaper and magazine, on pack. Slide 10 Direct marketing Roles Influential tool for building customer relationship- when you communicate with the customer directly, the relationship between both with be build. Enable Company to interact with the customer directly- company can directly move with the customers. Company can get regular feedback from customer Company can get regular feedback from the customers E.g. Nestlà ©s baby food records a database of new parents and post them personalized parcels of gift and give them guidance at key phase in babys life. As they get in touch with more concerned consumer at the best times. Slide 13 Understanding buyer Behavior If you want your business to be successful you have to understand their buying behavior. Especially in todays competitive world. Unless you understand it is very hard to gain them as customers and keep them loyal. Buying behavior is one of the elements you need for a customer profile. Slide 14 Environmental Affects Multiple methods used to find environmental forces exist. One such method is called the PEST analysis because it lists the political, economic, socio cultural and technological factors that can influence the business environment. Examples of such factors that can influence personal selling include legislation on fraud and on content in marketing, the average income of potential customers, local etiquette and the technologies potential customers tend to use. Economic, socio cultural and technological factors are particularly important in personal selling because understanding these factors lets management figure out what products to sell and the best sales methods. For example, a business might choose to use an advertising-driven pull approach rather than the more aggressive push approach in a culture in which approaching strangers is frowned upon. In this example, salespeople would be used more as sources of information to confirm the purchase decisions of customers already pulled in by advertising campaigns. Slide 15 Managerial Affects E.g. management might choose a push approach to selling in which salespeople are expected to seek out potential customers and attempt to sell to them directly rather than relying on advertising to pull them in. In this example, management would plan out the processes needed to support a push selling campaign, hire and train salespeople suited to the aggressive push mindset, direct them in their day-to-day selling and use this experience to improve on their initial plans. Slide 16 Main types of personal selling Delivery people E.g. Milkman, Fisherman and nowadays bakery staffs are brought through three wheels. Salespeople E.g. people who try to sell the company product at supermarkets. Door to door Selling salespeople who visits house by house and sell the product. This is all about the role of personal selling. Hope u guys understood the lectures. Thanks for listening to my lectures. Task 02 2.1 There are difference in the nature of sales tasks and skills in variety of contexts Agree or Disagree I agree this statement because,  the general duties expected of any sales person, the duties and responsibilities hand over to a sales person depend mainly on the nature of business.  The job description is evident in multiple industries including  Pharmaceutical  Sales,  Insurance  Sales, Retail Sales and Internet Sales.  Therefore, the role of a sales person in the  Pharmaceutical  industry may not be the same with a sales person in  the Insurance  Sales or in the Internet Sales. While a sales person in the Retail Sales may be in a store attending to customers, an  Insurance  Sales person  is required to be out in the field and sell the insurance to the customers. Sales Representatives play a major role in the success of their individual companies. They are the reason clients, customers or buyers may either be satisfied or not. And they are required to make the best of this opportunity by offering quality service to customers. They are supposed to know the ins and outs of their companys products and services so they can educate clients on how these products and services can be used to reduce costs or increase revenue. More often than not, a sales person  is required  to spend much time travelling and visiting prospective buyers and current clients to remind them how committed the company  is to satisfying their personal and business needs. 2.2 Sales staff members who are operating in an international environment should play a different role compared with sales staff member from local environment Sales staffs in an international environment and local environment both are similar, both sales persons will be having a good knowledge about the product or service, competitors, buyer behavior and thy directly communicate to the customers and receive the feedback. All these are done by both the salesperson but the different are the sales person in an international environment will be using the language which is understood by the customers and as He/she is in an international environment they knows the customer expectations on the product or service. So, he /she will react according to the customers willingness. 2.3 there is a possibility to explain the purpose of participating for the trade fairs Trade fair is an event dedicated to a particular industry and acts as a platform for bringing together buyers and sellers in different regions, under one roof. The product manufacturers, dealers, resellers, importers and exporters are the main participants in a trade fair. The first consideration for organizing a trade fair is its feasibility. A market analysis needs to be done to get an idea of the response that a trade fair will get, once it starts. The interest shown by the potential visitors and exhibitors decides the success or failure of a trade fair. Just like a well-organized trade fair can benefit the entire industry, similarly fair trading can prove very important for the reputation of companies. Trade fairs are the meeting point of people from different geographical areas. These people can have different motives for attending a trade show. Some might come to the fairs strictly for business purposes; people like businessman and student who are doing the higher education and others might only be interested in grabbing new friends on the same age. Whatever may be the reason for their visit, visitors are always on the lookout for something interesting and worth remembering. Even though a boring trade fair may still do good business, but it will never be able to reach high heights in popularity. By conducting trade fairs the companies get opportunities of getting new customers, new market, new competitors, new distributors, new agents and new partners for the company. Trade fair helps the company in promotion, marketing and publicity all these happens from participating in trade fairs. For example trade fair of Sri Lanka Expo 2012 organized by the Sri Lankan Export Development Board at BMICH. The Exhibition provided an ideal opportunity of Sri Lankan exporters to showcase their quality export products and services, traditional and non-traditional at a single platform with over 300 stalls to an international audience. Edex Expro 2012 trade fair. Task 03 Role and objectives of sales management Sales Management  was in the beginning meant for sales personnel. It had a narrow point of view of directing the sales personnel of an organization. Sales Management has gained a broader perspective, which includes management and implementation of all marketing activities via advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, distribution,  pricing and others. Appropriate recruitment and selection procedures are made by several ways those are Job advertising through newspapers, websites, mass medias and VCT professional magazines Campus recruitment Hayleys, dialog these types of organizations go to universities and do workshops and get people. Employee agencies- they give the JS to the job agencies and get employees Getting data base from the organizations e.g.: NDB bank and Aviva is doing this. There are internal and external methods of recruitment, advantages of internal recruitment are Internal Employees are most familiar to the organization and its culture, The cost of recruiting internal employees is less, Motivates the existing staffs, Strengthens the employee relation, Banks recruiting employees internally. The disadvantages of external recruitment are Wide selection big pool, Infusion of fresh blood people with new ideas and thinks, Element of competition we can competitive and get people from outside, Can get the employer brand advantage, Can spot the best talent from the competitors, Development cost is less. The appropriate selection made is made by interviewing the candidates. There are three methods of interview they are; one- one interviews interview one and make comfort for the candidate. Broad interviews, Stress interviews when recruiting military people it is better, Group interview. The two techniques used to co-ordinate and control sales output are, appraisal and performance and budget and profitability. Appraisal and performance is used to provide an assessment of current performance against which future improvements can be measured and training needs established. We can evaluate the employees and get feedbacks to achieve the target of the organization. Budget and profitability will be used to achieve the sales targets and to increase the sales output. An organizational structure is an internal representation of how persons are positioned in an organization and further can be used to identify the level of power and responsibility given to each person within the organization. It is better to have the matrix structure, where each department has each manager. If there is a problem in one department, that department manager can make the decisions. By motivating and training the employees we can enhance sales performance at the organization. By motivating the employees they work for the organization, by that we can achieve the goals of the organization. Training for the sales staffs are necessary, they should be trained as on the job training. Where they will be supervised by the top management, by workshops and by conducting lectures, where they will explain how to communicate with the customers and the knowledge of product and about the company. All theses will make a sales staff to start the sales. The Roles and objective of a Sales management is to identify a sales staff and motivate him/her then train him/her will the necessary skills and connect him/her to the organization structure and used the appropriate technique to enhance the sales output.